Helminthosporium

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Helminthosporium spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Notes on this Genus This genus primarily contains moulds of grasses. Species in this genus Helminthosporium australiense (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Bipolaris australiensis Helminthosporium cynodontis (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Bipolaris cynodontisc Helminthosporium halodes (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Exserohilum rostratum Helminthosporium hawaiiense (obsolete) This obsolete species […]

Hansenula

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Hansenula spp. This genus name is obsolete. This genus is an ascomycetous yeast. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships This obsolete genus is a synonym of Pichia Species in this genus Hansenula alni (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Pichia alni Hansenula americana (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Pichia americana Hansenula angusta (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Pichia angusta Hansenula anomala (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Pichia anomala This obsolete species is a synonym of Pichia ciferrii Hansenula beckii (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym […]

Gymnoascus

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Gymnoascus spp. This genus is an ascomycetous mould. Species in this genus Gymnoascus dankaliensis Arachniotus flavoluteus is an obsolete synonym of this species. Gymnascella dankaliensis is an obsolete synonym of this species. Pseudoarachniotus roseus is a synonym of this species. Trichophyton dankaliense is an obsolete synonym of this species. Waldermaria pernambucensis is an obsolete synonym of this species. Gymnoascus gypseus (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Arthroderma gypseum

Gut-injury related Candida Peritonitis (GI-related CP)

Mycoses

Overview Under GI-related CP, we include many forms of peritoneal candidal infection, including both diffuse (peritonitis) and localized (abscesses) forms. Others have called this entity “abdominal or intra-abdominal candidiasis” [44, 651]. However, we believe that the more precise term reduces confusion with such closely-related infections as biliary candidiasis or hepatosplenic candidiasis. The role of Candida spp. in the pathogenesis of peritoneal infections has been a controversial issue. To understand this controversy, first we have to remember that Candida spp. are normal commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of human beings. Thus, it is not surprising that Candida spp. would often be […]

Guillermondella

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Guillermondella spp. This genus is an ascomycetous yeast. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Endomycopsis is an obsolete synonym of this genus

Griseofulvin

Drugs

Trade & Generic Names & General Features Griseofulvin is an antifungal agent first isolated from a Penicillium spp. in 1939. The compound is insoluble in water. It is effective after oral ingestion and reaches the skin and hair. It is deposited primarily in keratin precursor cells. Ingestion with a heavy meal and reduction in particle size enhances the absorption of griseofulvin [1347]. Griseofulvin is currently produced by different companies. The microcystalline form is marketed as Grifulvin V™ (Ortho Dermatological). (Fulvicin U/F™ (Schering) and Grisactin™ (Wyeth-Ayerst), the other two microcrystalline products are no longer marketed.) Ultramicrocrystalline form is marketed as Gris-PEG™ […]

Graphium

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Graphium spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Species in this genus Graphium eumorphum Notes: S. apiosperum and G. eumorphum are synanamorphs. Pseudallescheria boydii is a teleomorph of this species. Scedosporium apiospermum is a synonym of this species. Graphium fructicola Graphium putredinis Petriella setifera is a teleomorph of this species.

Graphium Species

Fungi Descriptions

(described by Corda in 1837) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Euascamycetes Order: Microascales Family: Microascaceae Genus: Graphium Description and Natural Habitats Graphium is a filamentous fungus found in soil and plant material. While Graphium may be isolated as an occasional contaminant, its telemorphs, Petriella, Pseudallescheria, and Ceratocystis may cause diseases. Most isolates of Graphium isolated in the clinical laboratory are synanamorphic forms of Pseudallescheria boydii or secondary forms with Scedosporium apiospermum [531, 1295]. Species The most commonly known species of the genus Graphium are Graphium eumorphum, Graphium fructicola and Graphium putredinis. Pathogenicity and Clinical Significance Since one of […]

Glucan Synthesis Inhibitors

Drugs

The glucan synthesis inhibitors are, collectively, agents which are presumed to block fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme 1,3-beta glucan synthase. As technical issues in the laboratory have made formal proof of the assertion that this enzyme is actual target of these compounds, it is most correct to speak of them at present as being glucan synthesis inhibitors rather than glucan synthase inhibitors. There are three such agents at present, with all three belonging to the chemical family also known as the echinocandins. Caspofungin Micafungin Anidulafungin

Gliomastix

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Gliomastix spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. Species in this genus Gliomastix luzulae (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Sagrahamala luzulae Gliomastix murorum Notes: This is the type species for this genus

Gliocladium

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Gliocladium spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Hypocrea is a teleomorph of this genus Nectria is a teleomorph of this genus Nectriopsis is a teleomorph of this genus Species in this genus Gliocladium deliquescens Gliocladium penicilloides Gliocladium roseum Gliocladium virens

Gliocladium Species

Fungi Descriptions

(described by Corda in 1840) Taxonomic Classification (of the telemorphs of Gliocladium spp.) Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Order: Hypocreales Family: Hypocreaceae Genera: Nectria, Hypocrea, Nectriopsis (telemorphs of Gliocladium) Description and Natural Habitats Gliocladium is a mitosporic filamentous fungus which is widely distributed in soil and decaying vegetation [1709, 2202]. It is commonly considered as a contaminant.The older (obselete) names for this genus are Acrostalagmus, Isaria, and Verticillium. The telemorphs of the genus Gliocladium are included in the genera Nectria, Hypocrea, and Nectriopsis [2202]. Species The genus Gliocladium contains several species. The most commonly known ones are Gliocladium penicilloides, Gliocladium virens, […]

Glenosporum

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Glenosporum spp. This genus name is obsolete. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. Species in this genus Glenosporum brevis (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Blastomyces dermatitidis Glenosporum louisianoideum (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Coccidioides immitis

Gibberella

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Gibberella spp. This genus is an ascomycetous mould. Species in this genus Gibberella baccata Gibberella fujikuroi This species is a teleomorph of Fusarium moniliforme Gibberella zeae

Geotrichum

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Geotrichum spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Species in this genus Geotrichum amycelicum (obsolete)Trichosporon ovoides is a synonym of this obsolete species. Geotrichum asteroides (obsolete) Geotrichum candidumDipodascus geotrichum is a teleomorph of this species. Endomyces lactis is an obsolete synonym of this species. Galactomyces geotrichum is a teleomorph of this species. Oidium lactis is an obsolete synonym of this species. Oidium pulmoneum is an obsolete synonym of this species. Oospora lactis is an […]

Geotrichum Species

Fungi Descriptions

(described by Link ex Persoon in 1822) Taxonomic classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Ascomycotina Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Endomycetaceae Genus: Geotrichum (Endomyces) Description and Natural Habitats Geotrichum is a yeast found worldwide in soil, water, air, and sewage, as well as in plants, cereals, and dairy products [301]. It is also found in normal human flora and is isolated from sputum and feces [1295, 2202]. Species The genus Geotrichum includes several species. The most common one is Geotrichum candidum. Geotrichum clavatum and Geotrichum fici are among other Geotrichum species. Geotrichum fici has an intense smell resembling that of pineapple […]

Geomyces

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Geomyces spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. Species in this genus Geomyces pannorusChrysosporium pannorum is an obsolete synonym of this species. Sporotrichum pannorum is an obsolete synonym of this species.

Galactomyces

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Galactomyces spp. This genus is an ascomycetous yeast. Species in this genus Galactomyces geotrichumThis species is a synonym of the obsolete species Dipodascus geotrichum This species is a teleomorph of Geotrichum candidum Dipodascus geotrichum is an obsolete synonym of this species. Endomyces geotrichum is an obsolete synonym of this species.

Fusarium

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Fusarium spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Fusisporium is an obsolete synonym of this genus Pseudofusarium is an obsolete synonym of this genus Sporotrichella is an obsolete synonym of this genus Species in this genus Fusarium angustum (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of F. oxysporum Fusarium aquaeductuum Fusarium aquaeductuum var. dimerum (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of F. dimerum Fusarium aquaeductuum var. media Fusarium bostrycoides […]

Fusarium Species

Fungi Descriptions

(described by Link ex Gray in 1821) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Order: Hypocreales Family: Hypocreaceae Genus: Fusarium Description and Natural Habitats Fusarium is a filamentous fungus widely distributed on plants and in the soil. It is found in normal mycoflora of commodities, such as rice, bean, soybean, and other crops [1806]. While most species are more common at tropical and subtropical areas, some inhabit in soil in cold climates. Some Fusarium species have a teleomorphic state [1295, 2202]. As well as being a common contaminant and a well-known plant pathogen, Fusarium spp. may cause various infections in humans. […]

Fusarium solani

Fungi Descriptions

(Martius) Saccardo (1881) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Rapid growth. Colonies are woolly to cottony with cream to white aerial mycelium and a cream reverse. Sporodochia (clusters of conidiogenous cells/conidia viewed as raised areas with the naked eye) may form and are usually moist and cream-colored. Sporodochia may occasionally be blue-green or blue, but never orange [2202], [1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiophores are simple (non-branched) or branched monophialides […]

Fusarium semitectum

Fungi Descriptions

Fusarium semitectum Berkeley & Ravenel (1875) syn.: Fusarium incarnatum (Roberge) Saccardo(1886) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Rapid growth. Colonies are floccose with dense aerial mycelium that is salmon to tan to brown with a brown reverse. Sporodochia may be present and are light orange. [2202], [1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiophores simple or branched monophialides and polyphialides. Microconidia are sparse or absent. Macroconidia are of two types. Those borne […]

Fusarium proliferatum

Fungi Descriptions

(Matsushima) Nirenberg (1976) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Rapid growth. Colonies are initially white, becoming tinged with purple. Reverse colorless to dark purple. Sclerotia may be present and are usually dark blue. Sporodochia rarely formed on PFA but when present are tan to orange. Colonies are usually indistinguishable from those of F. moniliforme [2202], [1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiophores are medium length, simple or branched. Conidiogenous cells are […]

Fusarium oxysporum

Fungi Descriptions

Schlechtendahl (1824) emend. Snyder & Hansen (1940) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Rapid growth. Colonies are initially white, becoming tinged with salmon and lavender at maturity. Lavender to purple reverse. Salmon to orange sporodochia may be present [2202], [1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiophores are short (when contrasted with those of F. solani) and simple (usually not branched). Macroconidia usually produced abundantly, slightly sickle-shaped, thin-walled, with an attenuated apical […]

Fusarium napiforme

Fungi Descriptions

Marasas, Nelson & Rabie (1987) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Rapid growth. Colonies are floccose (cottony) and initially white becoming tinged with purple. Reverse is also purple. [2202],[1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiophores are medium length and simple or branched. Conidiogenous cells are monophialides. Macroconidia produced in the aerial mycelium or in sporodochia are slightly sickle-shaped to straight, 3-5 septate, and measure 30-50 x 2.7-3.6 µm. Microconidia are abundant, […]

Fusarium moniliforme

Fungi Descriptions

Sheldon (1904) (Sacc.) Nirenberg (1976) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Rapid growth. Colonies initially white becoming tinged with lavender with a colorless to dark purple reverse. Sporodochia, when formed, are cream to orange, however are generally sparse on PFA. Dark blue sclerotia may be present [2202], [1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiophores are medium length (shorter than in F. solani and longer than those seen in F. oxysporum), simple […]

Fusarium dimerum

Fungi Descriptions

Penzig(1882) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Colonies are salmon-colored, moist and yeast-like, producing very little aerial mycelium. This is the only slow-growing, clinically significant Fusarium species. [2202], [1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Macroconidiophores are short, simple (unbranched) or branched monophialides measuring approximately 10-18 x 4-5 µm. Macroconidia are small in comparison to other species (5-25 x 1.5-4.2 µm) and have 0-3 septa. The apical cell is hooked and the […]

Fusarium chlamydosporum

Fungi Descriptions

Wollenweber & Reinking (1925) Macroscopic morphology Macroscopic morphology may vary significantly on different media, and descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar at 25°C with on/off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 hours each. Rapid growth. Colonies woolly, frequently growing in “blooms”, initially white, becoming pink to red to brown centrally with the production of abundant chlamydoconidia. Reverse tan to brown to carmine red [2202], [1630]. Microscopic morphology Hyphae are septate and hyaline. Conidiophores are simple or branched monophialides and polyphialides (phialides with more than one opening not delimited by a septum). Microconidia are abundant, spindle-shaped, 0-3 […]

Fungus ball in the Urinary Tract

Mycoses

Overview This condition, sometimes called fungal “bezoar”, is classically caused by Candida spp. However, N/A(L): Penicillium, N/A(L):Phycomycetes and N/A(L):Aspergillus have also been reported as the cause of fungus balls. Epidemiology Fungus balls are commonly associated with the following underlying conditions: Diabetes mellitus Nephrolithiasis Any other cause of urinary obstruction Clinical Manifestations Patients with a fungus ball may have almost any presentation. Asymptomatic fungus balls are seen when the obstruction is incomplete. Complete obstruction is often associated with a urosepsis-like picture that includes fever, chills, and flank pain. Some patients will report having spontaneously passed whitish debris (“fungus balls”) in their […]

Fungal Infections of the Skin and Skin structures Intro

Mycoses

Introduction The clinical nomenclature for the fungal infections of the hair, nail, skin, and subcutaneous tissues is often confusing upon first encounter. The terms overlap, some of the terms sound like names of fungi (but aren’t), and different definitions may be encountered in different texts. A general overview to this area is found below, and it provides one consistent scheme for thinking about this area. As you read it, it is helpful to understand these terms: Phaeohyphomycosis: Used for infections due to melanin-producing, or dematiaceous, species of moulds. Melanin is a black pigment, and fungi that produce melanin are visible […]