Synonym and Classification Data for Emericella spp. This genus is an ascomycetous mould. Species in this genus Emericella nidulansThis species is a teleomorph of Aspergillus nidulans Emericella nivea Emericella quadrilineata Emericella unguis
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Eidamella spp. This genus name is obsolete. This genus is an ascomycetous mould. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships This obsolete genus is a synonym of Myxotrichum Species in this genus Eidamella deflexa (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Myxotrichum deflexum Eidamella papyricola (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Myxotrichum deflexum Eidamella spinosa (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Myxotrichum deflexum
Read More(described by Ciferri and Montemartini in 1953) Taxonomic classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Euascomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Onygenaceae Genus: Emmonsia Description and Natural Habitats Emmonsia is a cosmopolitan filamentous fungus isolated from soil and some mammalian species, such as small rodents. It is frequently encountered as a dimorphic fungus due to its ability to produce a distinctive structure known as an adiaspore at 37-40°C. Emmonsia is an occasional cause of animal and human infections. Emmonsia crescens has been reported world-wide. Emmonsia parva is known to be endemic in Soutwestern USA, Australia, and Eastern Europe [531]. Species The genus Emmonsia […]
Read MoreThis page summarizes primary and alternative drugs for the treatment of specific fungal infections. This page focuses on medical therapeutic approaches and it must be remembered that other therapeutic measures (most commonly, surgical excision and debridement) are required in combination with antifungal therapy for some fungal infections. Please refer to the related page about each fungal infection for additional data. Please also see our discussion on cost analysis and pharmacoeconomic analysis of antifungal therapy. The tables are presented in two sections. The first table shows drugs of choice and the second table shows suitable dosages. These abbreviations are used throughout […]
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Drechslera spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Pyrenophora is a teleomorph of this genus Species in this genus Drechslera australiensis (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Bipolaris australiensis Drechslera biseptata Drechslera cynodontis (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Bipolaris cynodontisc Drechslera halodes (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Exserohilum rostratum Drechslera hawaiiensis (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Bipolaris hawaiiensis Drechslera […]
Read MoreWhat does it cost? The cost of antifungal therapy is institution-, treatment setting-, and patient-specific. The information presented below serves as a general reference to cost issues associated with antifungal therapy. On this page, three tables are provided comparing the U.S. average wholesale price (AWP) for antifungals: Used to treat invasive infections, Used to treat onychomycosis, and Used as topical therapy. All AWP pricing data were extracted from the 2006 Drug Topics Redbook (Published by Medical Economics, Inc. (E):http://www.medec.com). Please note, the AWP does not necessarily reflect contract prices paid by individual institutions, which can vary widely based on […]
Read MoreOverview Fungi in general, and moulds in particular, can cause disease of people and animals in three ways [82]: Fungi can produce an actual infection of the host. This involves growth on or in the person or animal. It is quite uncommon for environmental moulds to produce this sort of disease unless one has a very severe reduction in the function of the immune system (e.g., is undergoing intensive therapy for cancer or is taking high doses of corticosteroids for prolonged periods of time.) We discuss these types of diseases on our N/A(L):human and N/A(L):veterinary mycoses pages. Fungi can produce […]
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Dipodascus spp. This genus is an ascomycetous mould. Species in this genus Dipodascus capitatusThis species is a teleomorph of Blastoschizomyces capitatus Dipodascus geotrichum (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Galactomyces geotrichum This obsolete species is a teleomorph of Geotrichum candidum Galactomyces geotrichum is a synonym of this obsolete species. Dipodascus spicifera
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Diplodia spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. Species in this genus Diplodia theobromae (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Diplodia tubericola (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Read MoreDescription The dermatophytes are not a particular fungus but rather a common short-hand label for a group of three genera of fungi that commonly cause skin disease of people and animals. These are the genera Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Microsporum. Please refer to these individual fungi for more details. You may also wish to refer to our discussion of fungal infections of hair and skin.
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Dematium spp. This genus name is obsolete. It is considered nom. conf. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. Species in this genus Dematium herbarum (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Cladosporium herbarum Dematium mansonii (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Exophiala castellanii Dematium pullulans (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Aureobasidium pullulans
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Debaryomyces spp. This genus is an ascomycetous yeast. Species in this genus Debaryomyces carsonii Debaryomyces castellii Debaryomyces coudertii Debaryomyces etchellsii Pichia etchellsii is an obsolete synonym of this species. Pichia faecalis is an obsolete synonym of this species. Torulospora etchellsii is an obsolete synonym of this species. Debaryomyces hansenii Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryii Debaryomyces maramus Debaryomyces melissophilus Debaryomyces nepalensis Debaryomyces occidentalis Debaryomyces occidentalis var. persoonii (dimorphic) Debaryomyces polymorphus Debaryomyces pseudopolymorphus Debaryomyces robertsiae Debaryomyces udenii Debaryomyces vanrijiae Debaryomyces vanrijiae va. Yarrowii Debaryomyces yamadae
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Dactylaria spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Diplorhinotrichum is an obsolete synonym of this genus Species in this genus Dactylaria constricta var. constricta (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Ochroconis constricta Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Ochroconis gallopavum Dactylaria gallopava (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Ochroconis gallopavum
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Cylindrocarpon spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Allantospora is an obsolete synonym of this genus Coleomyces is an obsolete synonym of this genus Fusidium is an obsolete synonym of this genus Moeszia is an obsolete synonym of this genus Nectria is a teleomorph of this genus Species in this genus Cylindrocarpon cyanescens Phialophora cyanescens is an obsolete synonym of this species. Cylindrocarpon destructans Cylindrocarpon lichenicola C. tonkinense is an obsolete synonym of this species. Cylindrocarpon tonkinense (obsolete) This […]
Read MoreOverview Cutaneous candidiasis is arguably the most common form of candidiasis. The infection involves the very outer-most layers of the skin. Healthy skin is quite resistant to candidal infection and in essentially all cases a (A):predisposing factor is present. Although neither invasive nor life-threatening, these forms of localized candiasis can be very irritating to the patient. The most common and important forms of candidal skin infections are: Erosio interdigitalis blastomyceticaFinger or toe webspaceEroded erythematous area surrounded with macerated skin Diaper rashThe lesions begin in the infant’s perianal area and then spread toward the genitalia and the inner thighsEroded areas surrounded with […]
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Curvularia spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Species in this genus Curvularia brachyspora Curvularia clavata Curvularia geniculata Curvularia lunataCochliobolus lunatus is a teleomorph of this species. Curvularia lunata var. aeria Curvularia pallescens Curvularia senegalensis Curvularia spicifera (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Bipolaris spicifera Curvularia verruculosa
Read More(described by Boedijn in 1933) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Euascomycetes Order: Pleosporales Family: Pleosporaceae Genus: Curvularia Description and Natural Habitats Curvularia is a dematiaceous filamentous fungus. Most species of Curvularia are facultative pathogens of soil, plants, and cereals in tropical or subtropical areas, while the remaining few are found in temperate zones. As well as being a contaminant, Curvularia may cause infections in both humans and animals [1219, 1295, 1806, 2144]. Species The genus Curvularia contains several species, including Curvularia brachyspora, Curvularia clavata, Curvularia geniculata, Curvularia lunata, Curvularia pallescens, Curvularia senegalensis, and Curvularia verruculosa. Curvularia lunata is […]
Read More(described by Matruchot in 1903) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Order: Mucorales Family: Cunninghamellaceae Genus: Cunninghamella Description and Natural Habitats Cunninghamella is a filamentous fungus found in soil and plant material, particularly at Mediterranean and subtropical zones. It has also been recovered from animal material, cheese, and Brazil nuts. In addition to being a common contaminant, Cunninghamella is an opportunistic fungus that may cause infections in immunocompromised hosts [531, 1295, 2144, 2202]. Species The genus Cunninghamella currently contains seven species. While Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cunninghamella elegans, and Cunninghamella echinulata are the most common species, Cunninghamella bertholletiae is the only known […]
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Cryptococcus spp. This genus is a basidiomycetous yeast. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Species in this genus Cryptococcus aerius Cryptococcus albidosimilis Cryptococcus albidusFilobasidium floriforme is a teleomorph of this species. Torula albida is an obsolete synonym of this species. Torulopsis albida is an obsolete synonym of this species. Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus Cryptococcus albidus var. difluens Cryptococcus amylolentus Cryptococcus antarcticus Cryptococcus aquaticus Cryptococcus ater Cryptococcus bacillisporus (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of C. neoformans var. gattii Cryptococcus bhutanensis Cryptococcus capillitii (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Malassezia furfur Cryptococcus […]
Read MoreTaxonomic classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidimycota Subphylum: Basidimycotina Order: Sporidiales Family: Sporidiobolaceae Genus: Filobasidiella (Cryptococcus) Description and Natural Habitats Cryptococcus is an encapsulated yeast. Following its first identification in nature from peach juice samples, the major environmental sources of Cryptococcus neoformans have been shown to be either soil contaminated with pigeon droppings (Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans) or eucalyptus trees and decaying wood forming hollows in living trees (Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii) [364, 409, 1307, 1414]. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was also isolated from goats with pulmonary disease [190]. Species The genus Cryptococcus includes around 37 species. Among these, Cryptococcus neoformans […]
Read More(Sanfelice) Vuillemin (1901) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are cream to beige and mucoid due to the capsule surrounding the yeast cells. Some a-capsular strains have been recovered, particularly from HIV patients on long-term maintenance therapy. Colonies of such strains are white to cream and smooth similar in appearance to N/A(L):Candida spp. In contrast to other species, C. neoformans grows as a brown to black colony on agars containing caffeic acid such as Bird Seed Agar. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, it produces globose yeast cells only (2.5-10 µm in diameter). […]
Read More>(Kufferath) C.E. Skinner (1950) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are cream to pink to tan. The texture is smooth and glossy and frequently slimy allowing the colony to run down the slant or into the lid of Petri dishes stored media side up. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, only blastoconidia are present. Special notes This isolate is urease positive but fails to grow at 37°C and gives a negative nitrate reaction [1270]. The type strain was isolated from palm wine. Human cases include disseminated disease to the CNS and skin in […]
Read More(Daszewska) Golubev (1981) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are cream to yellow, glistening to dull, and smooth to rugose. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, both true and pseudohyphae are abundantly formed. Both types of hyphae appear wavy with branching occurring at narrow angles to the main hyphae. Special notes This isolate is urease positive but fails to grow at 37°C and gives a negative nitrate reaction. The type strain was isolated from soil. DNA analysis suggests that this species is closely related to members of the genus Trichosporon [1270]. This agent […]
Read More(Sato) C.E. Skinner (1947b) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are pale pink to beige, smooth and mucoid. Occasional isolates are rough and wrinkled. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, globose to ovoid yeast cells are formed (3.1-3.0 x 3.5-6.2 µm in diameter). Neither true nor pseudohyphae are formed. Special notes This isolate is urease and nitrate positive, with negative growth on cycloheximide or at 40°C. The type strain was isolated from air. The species Cryptococcus albidus is composed of a complex of species as shown by DNA analysis [1270]. This accounts for […]
Read MoreOverview Cryptococcosis in cats is well described and known to occur throughout the world. The disease is due to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans and is treatable with itraconazole, fluconazole or ketoconazole. Following the concepts of therapy that have evolved for N/A(L):human cryptococcosis, the obvious choices would be fluconazole and itraconazole. The progress of the disease and response to antifungals can be serologically monitored. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) might be sought as underlying diseases that could affect the prognosis or required duration of therapy. Some Relevant References and Their Abstracts Title: Feline systemic fungal infections […]
Read MoreOverview With few exceptions, veterinary and human mycology deal with the same fungal pathogens. Veterinary medical mycology deals with fungal disease in both invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Invertebrate fungal infections are typically dealt with on an individual basis by mycologists working with other specialists. Because fungal infections involving invertebrate animals are unusual, classical mycologists are typically needed to assist with the identification of the pathogenic fungus. In fact, the first reported animal disease was the fungus Beauvera bassiana that nearly destroyed the silk industry in China by attacking silkworms (Bassi A. 1835. Del male del segno calcinacio o muscordino malattia […]
Read MoreJohn R. Perfect MD Duke University Medical Center Introduction From its first description in 1894-1895 as environmental yeast found in peach juice((A):125) to its identification as a clinical isolate causing osteomyelitis in a young lady ((A):22), this encapsulated yeast, Cryptococcus, has mirrored the study and growth of medical mycology worldwide. The major milestones of its history are chronicled in Table 1 and they span the entire last century. These events range from the clinical description of disease, identification of its life-cycle both environmentally and morphologically, its nomenclature (at least two pathogenic species), its development as a molecular model for fungal […]
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Coniothyrium spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. Species in this genus Coniothyrium fuckelii Leptosphaeria coniothyrium is a teleomorph of this species.
Read MoreSynonym and Classification Data for Conidiobolus spp. This genus is a zygomecetous mould. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Boudierella is an obsolete synonym of this genus Delacroixia is an obsolete synonym of this genus Species in this genus Conidiobolus coronatus Boudierella coronata is an obsolete synonym of this species. Delacroixia coronata is a synonym of this species. Entomophthora coronata is an obsolete synonym of this species. Conidiobolus incongruus
Read More(described by Rixford and Gilchrist in 1896) Taxonomic classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Subphylum: Zygomycotina Order: Entomophthorales Family: Anylistaceae Genus: Conidiobolus Description and Natural Habitats Conidiobolus is a mould found in soil and decaying plant debris. It is also isolated from insects and amphibians. The fungus is mostly distributed in tropical areas and particularly at Central America, equatorial Africa, and India. Conidiobolus spp. are the causative agents of infections in humans, sheep, dogs, deer, and horses [2202]. Species The genus Conidiobolus contains several species. The most common ones are Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidiobolus incongruus and Conidiobolus lamprauges. Synonyms See the summary […]
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