Candida Peritonitis

Mycoses

Candida peritonitis refers not simply to the isolation of Candida spp. from the peritoneal fluid, but concomitant documentation of inflammation of the peritoneal cavity. Two groups of patients are generally affected and are discussed separately. Note that the group of surgical patients can be further subdivided into two quite different populations: Patients on peritoneal dialysis Surgical patients with gut injury Patients with hollow organ (intestine, biliary tree) injury Solid (abdominal) organ transplant recipients Occasionally, the isolation of Candida from the peritoneal fluid seems to be an incidental phenomenon [205]. For a case to be considered under this category, the following […]

Candida parapsilosis

Fungi Descriptions

Macroscopic morphology Candida parapsilosis colonies are white, creamy, shiny, and smooth or wrinkled on Sabouraud dextrose agar. It does not grow on the surface when inoculated into Sabouraud broth [1295, 2202]. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal tween 80 agar and at 25°C after 72 h, it produces blastospores which are located along the pseudohyphae. Typically, the pseudohyphae may be curved and large mycelial (hyphal) elements which are called “giant cells” may be observed [1295, 2202]. Search (E):PubMed Nucleotides (E):GenBank

Candida Osteomyelitis

Mycoses

Overview Candida osteomyelitis is one of the less frequent manifestations of invasive candidiasis. However, this condition carries significant morbidity, particularly when its diagnosis is delayed by lack of recognition of Candida spp. as potential bone pathogens. Osteomyelitis due to Candida species can occur following either hematogenous dissemination or direct traumatic inoculation. Epidemiology Limited data are available regarding the incidence of candidal osteomyelitis. Gathe et al. reviewed all reports through to 1986, and found 53 cases, 21 of which were pediatric cases [814]. A decade later, Hennequin et al. reviewed the world literature up to 1995 for cases of Candidal spondylodiskitis, […]

Candida lusitaniae Species

Fungi Descriptions

van Uden & do Carmo-Sousa (1959) Teleomorph: Clavispora lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda (1979) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are white to cream, glistening, and smooth but may be rugose. Colonies may be fringed with pseudohyphae. This isolate grows both at 42°C and on media containing cycloheximide. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, abundant branched pseudohyphae may be present. Some strains have rudimentary to no pseudohyphae. Special notes Candida lusitaniae is known for amphotericin B resistance. The first report of fatal infection occurred in a neutropenic patient where the initial isolate was susceptible […]

Candida lipolytica

Fungi Descriptions

(Harrison) Diddens & Lodder (1942) Teleomorph: Yarrowia lipolytica (Wickerham, Kurtzman & Herman) van der Walt & von Arx (1980) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are off-white, dull and cerebriform. This isolate grows at 37°C and on media containing cycloheximide. The urease reaction is also positive. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, multi-branched true hyphae with rare blastoconidia may are seen. This species is likely to be indistinguishable from C. krusei on Chromager Candida [1069]. Special notes This species has been implicated as an emerging pathogen [1011], and has been reported in fungemia […]

Candida lambica

Fungi Descriptions

(Lindner & Genoud) van Uden & H.R. Buckely Teleomorph: Pichia fermentans Lodder (1932) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are tan to yellow, dull, and slightly wrinkled. This isolate grows at 37°C but fails to grow on media containing cycloheximide. The urease reaction is also negative. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, abundant, moderately branched pseudohyphae are seen. True hyphae are not formed. This isolate may be differentiated from C. lipolytica by its failure to growth on media containing cycloheximide [1270]. Special notes This species has been implicated in bloodstream infections [1774], in […]

Candida krusei

Fungi Descriptions

(Castellani) Berkhout (1923) Teleomorph: Issatchenkia orientalis Kudryavtsev (1960) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are off-white, dull, and smooth with margins ranging from smooth to lobed. This isolate grows at 42°C but fails to grow on media containing cycloheximide. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, abundant pseudohyphae are formed with some moderate branching. Special Notes Care should be taken when identifying Candida krusei as isolates of Candida inconspicua are morphologically and biochemically similar. These two species are most easily differentiated by the production of pseudohyphae by C. krusei [1270]. This isolate is well […]

Candida kefyr

Fungi Descriptions

(Beijerinck) van Uden & H.R. Buckley (1970) Teleomorph: Kluyveromyces marxianus (E.C. Hansen) van der Walt (1971) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are cream to brown, glossy, and smooth. This isolate has grows at 37°C and on media containing cycloheximide. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, highly-branched pseudohyphae are found. This species is not distinguishable from several other species on Chromager Candida [1069]. Special notes This species has been reported as an emerging pathogen [475]. This species may have been previously reported in the literature by the obsolete name of Candida pseudotropicalis. Reported […]

Candida inconspicua

Fungi Descriptions

(Lodder & Kreger-van Rij) S.A. Meyer & Yarrow (Yarrow and Meyer 1978) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are off-white, dull, and smooth. This isolate grows at 42°C but fails to grow on media containing cycloheximide. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, rudimentary to no pseudohyphae are seen. Short chains of ovoid blastoconidia may be seen. Special Notes Candida inconspicua is frequently mistaken for Candida krusei by macroscopic appearance. In addition, sugar assimilation studies by commercial kits may give results of both C. krusei and C. inconspicua, however microscopic examination can differentiate the […]

Candida guilliermondii

Fungi Descriptions

Macroscopic morphology Candida guilliermondii colonies are flat, moist, smooth, and cream to yellow in color on Sabouraud dextrose agar. It does not grow on the surface when inoculated into Sabouraud broth [1295, 2202]. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal tween 80 agar and at 25°C after 72 h, it produces clusters of small blastospores along the pseudohyphae and particularly at septal points. Pseudohyphae are short and few in number [1295, 2202]. Search (E):PubMed Nucleotides (E):GenBank

Candida glabrata

Fungi Descriptions

(Anderson) S.A. Meyer & Yarrow (Yarrow and Meyer 1978) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are white, smooth and glistening. This isolate grows at 42°C but fails to grow on media containing cycloheximide. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, only blastoconidia are observed. Yeast cells are quite small measuring only 2.5-4.0 x 3.0-6.0 µm as compared to C. albicans which measures 3.5-6.0 x 4.0-8.0 µm [1270]. Special notes Candida glabrata is known for its decreased susceptibility to azoles [1410] but good susceptibility patterns to candins [678], [1688]. Despite the decreased susceptibility to azoles, […]

Candida famata

Fungi Descriptions

(Harrison) S.A. Meyer & Yarrow (Yarrow and Meyer 1978) (1985) Teleomorph: (Zopf) Lodder & Kreger-van Rij var. hansenii (1985) Candida famata var. flareri (Ciferri & Redaelli) Nakase & Suzuki (1985b) Teleomorph: Debaryomyces hansenii var. fabryi (Ota) Nakase & M. Suzuki (1985b) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are grayish white to yellowish, dull to shiny, and smooth to wrinkled. The two varieties are distinguished by maximum growth temperature. Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii has a maximum growth temperature of 35°C while D. hansenii var. fabryi has a maximum growth temperature of 40°C and no growth on cycloheximide. This […]

Candida Esophagitis

Fungi Descriptions

Overview Although this form of candidal mucosal infection is very similar to oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), we will discuss here its unique features, particularly as these relate to patients with HIV-AIDS. Epidemiology The risk factors for candidal esophagitis are the same as those for OPC. And, just as for OPC, candidal esophagitis has received special attention ever since the beginning of the HIV epidemic [721, 1325]. Between 3 and 10% of HIV-infected patients will first come to medical attention as the result of their first episode of candidal esophagitis [514]. The incidence of overall rate of esophagitis among patients infected with […]

Candida Endophthalmitis

Mycoses

Overview Candida can be implicated as causes of both exogenous endophthalmitis (following surgery or trauma) and endogenous endophthalmitis due to hematogenous seeding of the eye. Candidal exogenous endophthalmitis is comparatively rare. Reported cases have been linked to eye surgery (keratoplasty, cataract extraction), traumatic ulcers, and contaminated ophthalmic irrigation solutions [210, 1166, 1293, 1477, 2434]. Most cases of exogenous endophthalmitis have a bacterial etiology. Conversely, Candida is recognized as the most common cause of endogenous endophthalmitis and that will be the focus of our discussion here. Embolic seeding of Candida spp. into the retina may cause both retinal and vitreal lesions […]

Candida dubliniensis

Fungi Descriptions

Sullivan, Westerneng, Haynes, Bennett & Coleman (1995) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are white to cream, soft, and smooth to wrinkled. This isolate has poor to no growth at 42°C. Colonies grown on Chromager are dark green as opposed to the light blue-green exhibited by C. albicans. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, abundant branched pseudohyphae and true hyphae with blastoconidia are present. Many strains produce an abundance of chlamydoconidia resulting in excess of 25-30 being observed in each microscopic field. Chlamydoconidial arrangement includes single, pairs, chains, and clusters. Special Notes This […]

Candida Arthritis

Mycoses

Overview Septic arthritis due to Candida species can be due either to hematogenous dissemination or direct inoculation due to trauma, surgery, or intra-articular injections. Candida arthritis is for the most part a manifestation of disseminated or invasive candidiasis. The literature includes cases of patients with disregarded episodes of candidemia that later presented with Candida arthritis [207, 1600]. However, there are also cases of Candida arthritis that have presented after episodes of candidemia that were treated with appropriate dosages of amphotericin B [937]. Epidemiology Available data regarding the incidence of this rare presentation of Candida infection are limited to case reports […]

Candida albicans

Fungi Descriptions

(Robin) Berkhout (1923) Macroscopic morphology Colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C are white to cream, soft, and smooth to wrinkled. This isolate grows at 42°C and on media containing cycloheximide. Microscopic morphology On cornmeal following 72 hours incubation at 25°C, abundant branched pseudohyphae and true hyphae with blastoconidia are present. The blastoconidia are formed in grape-like clusters along the length of the hyphae. Terminal chlamydoconidia may be formed with extended incubation [2202]. Special notes This species is the most commonly-isolated yeast in human disease. It has been implicated in both superficial and systemic disease. Recent reports of infections include […]

Cadophora

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Cadophora spp. This genus name is obsolete. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. It is generally classified as a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships This obsolete genus is a synonym of Phialophora Species in this genus Cadophora americana (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Phialophora verrucosa Cadophora brunnescens (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Phialophora richardsiae Cadophora repens (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Phialophora repens Cadophora richardsiae (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Phialophora richardsiae

Butenafine

Drugs

Manufacturer’s Prescribing Information Trade & Generic Names & General Features Butenafine (N-4-tert-butylbenzyl-N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethyl-amine hydrochloride) is a benzylamine derivative and a new generation topical antifungal compound. It has favorable activity against various dermatophytes, as well as Candida albicans. Butenafine achieves high concentrations in skin and remains in skin tissue for prolonged periods (24 hours in guinea pigs). It is mostly distributed in epidermis. A small amount is detectable also in dermis, probably due to its transport via sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Importantly, butenafine exerts anti-inflammatory as well as antifungal activity in vivo. This property is particularly beneficial in dermatophytic infections that […]

Brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar

Fungal Media

Developed by E.C. Rosenow and then modified by R.L. Hayden this media uses dehydrated infusions of porcine brain and heart tissue for the recovery of a wide variety of fastidious organisms, including bacteria, yeast and moulds. May be infused with antibiotics to inhibit the growth of most bacteria and used primarily for the recovery of saprophytic or dimorphic fungi. BHI agar can be purchased from a variety of commercial sources or for laboratories needing large number of plates is often made “in-house”. Recipe/Protocol Per liter of medium: Brain Heart Infusion 8 g Peptic Digest of Animal Tissue 5 g Pancreatic […]

Boudierella

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Boudierella spp. This genus name is obsolete. This genus is a zygomecetous mould. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships This obsolete genus is a synonym of Conidiobolus Species in this genus Boudierella coronata (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Conidiobolus coronatus

Botrytis Species

Fungi Descriptions

(described by Micheli ex Persoon in 1801) Description and Natural Habitats Botrytis is a filamentous fungus isolated from decaying plants. Despite its cosmopolitan feature, it is more commonly reported from tropical and temperate areas. Pathogenicity and Clinical Significance No infections due to Botrytis have been reported in humans or animals. It may act as a facultative pathogen in plants and is commonly considered as a contaminant. Macroscopic Features It grows rapidly, reaching a colony size of 3 to 9 cm in diameter, following incubation at 25°C for 7 days on potato glucose agar. The texture is woolly. The surface color […]

Botryodiplodia

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Botryodiplodia spp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. Species in this genus Botryodiplodia theobromaeThis species is a synonym of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a synonym of this species. Botryodiplodia tubericola (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Botanical Gardens

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Blastoschizomyces

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Blastoschizomyces spp. This genus is an ascomycetous yeast. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Species in this genus Blastoschizomyces capitatusB. pseudotrichosporon is an obsolete synonym of this species. Dipodascus capitatus is a teleomorph of this species. Geotrichum capitatum is an obsolete synonym of this species. Trichosporon capitatum is an obsolete synonym of this species. Blastoschizomyces pseudotrichosporon (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of B. capitatus

Blastoschizomyces Species

Fungi Descriptions

(described by Salkin, Gordon, Sams, and Rieder in 1982) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Ascomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Blastoschizomyces Description and Natural Habitats Blastoschizomyces is a yeast isolated from soil, beach sand, poultry feces, and wood pulp. As well as being an environmental saprobe, it is found in normal microbial flora of human skin, and digestive and respiratory tracts. Species The genus Blastoschizomyces currently contains a single species, Blastoschizomyces capitatus. Synonyms Blastoschizomyces pseudotrichosporon Trichosporon capitatum Geotrichum capitatum Formerly known as Trichosporon capitatum and classified in Basidiomycetes, this fungus was later found to be more closely related […]

Blastomycosis

Mycoses

b>Authored by: Carol A. Kauffman, MD Mycology Blastomycosis is caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis or B. gilchristii, thermally dimorphic fungi. In the environment, the organism grows as a mould that produces conidia, which are responsible for transmission of infection to humans. In the laboratory on Sabouraud’s agar at 25-28oC, the organism grows as a fluffy white mould, whose conidia are not distinctive. In tissues and in the laboratory at 35-37oC, B.dermatitidis assumes the yeast form. The yeast form is distinctive, appearing as an 8-15 micron, thick-walled yeast that produces a single, broad-based daughter bud. Epidemiology B. dermatitidis is endemic in the […]

Blastomyces Species

Fungi Descriptions

(described by van Tieghem in 1876) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Euascomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Onygenaceae Genus: Blastomyces Description and Natural Habitats Blastomyces dermatitidis is a thermally dimorphic fungus and a probable saprobe of the soil. It specifically inhabits decaying wood material. Blastomyces dermatitidis is very rarely isolated as a natural habitat. Isolation from the environment is most likely when the sample contains soil and is rich in organic material such as animal feces, plant fragments, insect remains, and dust. If the substrate is moist, lacks exposure to direct sunlight, contains organic debris, and has a pH of […]

Blastomyces

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Blastomyces sp. This genus is a mould that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. See also the detailed description page for this genus. Synonyms and Teleomorph-Anamorph Relationships Zymonema is an obsolete synonym of this genus Species in this genus Blastomyces brasiliensis (obsolete) This obsolete species is a synonym of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Blastomyces dermatitidis (dimorphic) Ajellomyces dermatitidis is a teleomorph of this species. B. tulanensis is an obsolete synonym of this species. Chrysosporium dermatitidis is an obsolete synonym of this species. Endomyces capsulatus is an obsolete synonym of this species. […]

Blastodendrion

Synonyms

Synonym and Classification Data for Blastodendrion spp. This genus name is obsolete. This genus is a yeast that lacks a known sexual state and thus belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti. Species in this genus Blastodendrion carbonei (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Blastodendrion simplex (obsolete)This obsolete species is a synonym of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa